16 Reproduction
(Core / Extended)
16.1 Asexual Reproduction
What you need to know:
  1. Describe asexual reproduction as a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
  2. Identify examples of asexual reproduction in diagrams, images and information provided
  3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction: (a) to a population of a species in the wild (b) to crop production 
16.2 Sexual Reproduction
What you need to know:
  1. Describe sexual reproduction as a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
  2. State that nuclei of gametes are haploid and that the nucleus of a zygote is diploid
  3. Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei of gametes
  4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction:
  • (a) to a population of a species in the wild
  • (b) to crop production
Videos: Asexual Repoduction
Videos: Sexual vs Asexual Repoduction
Videos: Pros and Cons of Asaexual and Sexual Reproduction
16.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
What you need to know:
  1. Identify in diagrams and images and draw the following parts of an insect-pollinated flower: sepals, petals, stamens, filaments, anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules
  2. State the functions of the structures listed in 16.3.1
  3. Identify in diagrams and images and describe the anthers and stigmas of a wind-pollinated flower
  4. Distinguish between the pollen grains of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
  5. Describe pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma
  6. Describe self-pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant
  7. Describe cross-pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species
  8. Discuss the potential effects of self-pollination and cross-pollination on a population, in terms of variation, capacity to respond to changes in the environment and reliance on pollinators
  9. State that fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule
  10. Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation (details of production of endosperm and development are not required)
  11. Describe the structural adaptations of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
  12. Investigate and describe the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds, limited to the requirement for: water, oxygen and a suitable temperature
Videos: Sexual reproduction in Plants
16.4 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
What you need to know:
  1. Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following parts of the male reproductive system: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis
  2. Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following parts of the female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina
  3. Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)
  4. Explain the adaptive features of sperm, limited to: flagellum, mitochondria and enzymes in the acrosome
  5. Explain the adaptive features of egg cells, limited to: energy stores and the jelly coat that changes at fertilisation
  6. Compare male and female gametes in terms of: size, structure, motility and numbers
  7. State that in early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the lining of the uterus
  8. Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following in the development of the fetus: umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid
  9. Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to the exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products between the blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus
  10. State that some pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus 
Videos: Human Reproduction: Anatomy, Fertiliziation, Adaptation and Puberty
16.5 Sexual Hormones in Humans
What you need to know:
  1. Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
  2. Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus
  3. Describe the sites of production of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy
  4. Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, limited to FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen 
Videos: Hormones During Pregnancy
Videos: The Menstrual Cycle
16.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections
What you need to know:
  1. Describe a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
  2. State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pathogen that causes an STI
  3. State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS
  4. Describe the methods of transmission of HIV
  5. Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled
Videos: How HIV is Transmitted 
Videos: How to prevent spreading of HIV
EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Videos: Mixed Questions - Reproduction
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